DIY Vape Juice Versus Store-Bought Pros and Cons

Choosing between making your own vape juice or buying it from the store really comes down to what matters most to you. Many people try DIY because they want to save money, explore how to make vape juice, or control what goes into their mix. Others stick with store-bought for the convenience and safety. Here’s what most vapers think about each option:

• DIY can save money but often gets complicated and risky if you don’t know what you’re doing.

• Store-bought is simple, safe, and ready to use.

If you want something easy, ZOOY offers high-quality disposable vapes with plenty of flavors. Think about what matters most to you as you read on.

Key Takeaways

• DIY vape juice helps you save money. It costs about 68% less than store-bought vape juice. Making your own vape juice lets you pick your own flavors. You can also choose how much nicotine you want. Safety is very important when making vape juice. Always use food-grade ingredients. Be careful when you use nicotine. Store-bought vape juice is easy to use. You do not need to mix or measure anything. ZOOY disposable vapes are simple to use. They give you lots of puffs and many flavors. Think about how you like to vape. DIY is good if you like to try new things. Store-bought is better if you want something easy. Both choices have good and bad sides. Think about cost, safety, and how much you want to customize. Pick what works best for you. Always read labels on store-bought vape juice. Choose brands you trust to make sure it is safe and good quality.

DIY Vape Juice

If you want to take control of your vaping experience, making your own e-liquids at home can be a fun and rewarding project. DIY e-liquid lets you pick your flavors, adjust your nicotine, and save money. You get to decide what goes into your e-liquids, which means you can avoid unwanted additives. Let’s break down how to make vape juice, what you need, and how to stay safe.

How to Make Vape Juice

Ingredients Needed

You only need a few things to start making e-liquids. Here’s what you’ll want for your first batch:

• Propylene Glycol (PG)

• Vegetable Glycerin (VG)

• Nicotine (optional, but handle with care)

• Food-grade flavor concentrates

• Precision tools (syringes, graduated cylinders, or scales)

• Clean bottles for storing your e-liquids

When you buy these ingredients in bulk, you can save a lot. For example:

• DIY vape juice costs about 0.034 cents per ml.

• Store-bought e-liquid costs around 0.09 cents per ml.

• Making your own e-liquids can save you about 68%.

• You can make 120 ml of e-liquid for about $8.60.

Mixing Steps

Now, let’s talk about how to make vape juice in your kitchen. Start by setting up a clean workspace. Wear gloves and safety glasses, especially when handling nicotine. Use your precision tools for accurate mixing. Here’s a simple process:

1. Decide your PG/VG ratio for your e-liquids.

2. Measure your nicotine and add it to your bottle.

3. Add your chosen flavor concentrates.

4. Pour in the PG and VG.

5. Mix everything well by shaking the bottle.

6. Let your e-liquids steep for a few days for better flavor.

Mixing your own e-liquids means you can experiment with different recipes. You can try new flavors or adjust the strength of your e-liquid. Mixing gives you the freedom to create vape juice made at home that fits your taste.

DIY E-Liquid Customization

One of the best parts of DIY e-liquid is customization. You can change almost anything about your e-liquids. Here’s a quick look at your options:

Mixing your own e-liquids lets you try endless combinations. You can make e-liquids that are sweet, cool, or bold. You can even join online groups to share your mixing tips and recipes.

DIY Vaping Safety

Safety matters when you start mixing e-liquids at home. Always wear gloves and keep nicotine away from kids and pets. Use only food-grade or pharmaceutical-grade ingredients for your e-liquids. Keep your workspace clean to avoid contamination. Store your nicotine in a cool, dark place and label it clearly.

Mixing e-liquids comes with some risks:

• Allergic reactions can happen if you don’t know what’s in your e-liquids.

• Spills can damage your furniture and leave odors.

• Incorrect nicotine measurements can make your e-liquids too strong.

• Unstable mixtures can affect flavor and nicotine levels.

• Dirty tools can contaminate your e-liquids.

Take your time and double-check your mixing steps. DIY e-liquid can be safe and fun if you follow these tips. Mixing your own e-liquids gives you control, but you need to respect the process.

Store-Bought Vape Juice

What Is Store-Bought Vape Juice

You might wonder what makes store-bought vape juice different from homemade mixes. Store-bought e-liquid comes ready to use. You can find it in bottles or in pre-filled devices at vape shops, convenience stores, or online. Companies make these products in clean factories. They follow strict rules to keep everything safe and reliable.

When you buy store-bought vape juice, you get a product that is tested for quality. You do not have to worry about mixing or measuring. You just open the package and start vaping. This is a great choice if you want to avoid the mess and guesswork of making your own juice.

ZOOY All Products Overview

ZOOY offers a wide range of disposable vapes. You can check out all products on their website. ZOOY stands out because you get high puff counts and a huge selection of flavours. For example, the ZOOY 6 IN 1 120k Disposable Vape Puff gives you six different flavours in one device. You can switch between them whenever you want. The ZOOY VAPE ZERO series lets you enjoy dual-flavour options like Lemon Cola, Watermelon Ice, and Blueberry Watermelon.

Here’s a quick look at what you get with ZOOY:

You do not need to refill or recharge these vapes. You just pick your favourite flavours and enjoy. ZOOY makes it easy for you to try new tastes without any hassle.

Convenience and Consistency

Store-bought vape juice gives you a smooth experience every time. You do not have to worry about mixing mistakes or bad batches. The flavours taste the same with every puff. This is called consistency. You know what to expect each time you use your vape.

ZOOY disposable vapes make your life even easier. You can grab a device, pick from many flavours, and start vaping right away. No mess. No waiting. You get the same great taste and performance from the first puff to the last. If you like to switch flavours, ZOOY lets you do that without carrying extra bottles or tools.

Tip: If you want to try lots of flavours and enjoy reliable consistency, ZOOY disposable vapes are a smart choice. You get convenience, variety, and peace of mind.

Store-bought e-liquid is perfect if you want to save time and enjoy your favourite flavours without any extra work.

Flavor Variety with ZOOY

You want options when you vape. ZOOY gives you more flavors than you might expect. You can switch tastes whenever you feel like it. You never get bored with the same old thing. ZOOY makes sure you always have something new to try.

Let’s look at some of the flavors you can find in ZOOY’s disposable vape line. You get classic fruit blends, cool menthol, and even some creative mixes. Here’s a quick table to show you what’s available:

You see a lot of choices here. You can pick something sweet like Strawberry Banana. You might want something icy like Watermelon Ice. Maybe you like a tart taste, so you go for Blackberry Cranberry. ZOOY lets you explore all these flavors without any hassle.

You don’t need to mix anything yourself. You just grab a ZOOY disposable vape and start enjoying the taste you want. If you like to switch flavors, ZOOY’s multi-flavor devices make it easy. You can change from Mixed Berry to Menthol in seconds. You don’t have to carry extra bottles or worry about cleaning your device.

Tip: If you want to keep your vaping experience fresh, try switching flavors every day. ZOOY’s variety helps you find your favorites and discover new ones.

ZOOY also pays attention to how each flavor tastes. You get a smooth, balanced vape every time. The flavors stay true from the first puff to the last. You don’t get weird aftertastes or fading flavor. ZOOY’s team works hard to make sure you enjoy every hit.

You might wonder if flavor variety matters. It does. You can match your vape to your mood. You might want something fruity in the morning. You might crave something cool at night. ZOOY gives you the freedom to choose.

You also get high puff counts with ZOOY’s disposable vapes. You don’t run out quickly, even if you switch flavors often. You get value and taste in one package.

If you want to see all products and flavors, you can check ZOOY’s website. You’ll find even more options and details there. ZOOY makes it easy for you to enjoy vaping your way.

Cost Comparison Pros and Cons

DIY Vaping Cost

You might want to know how much you can save by making your own vape juice. DIY vaping gives you more control over your cost. You buy the main ingredients in bulk, like PG, VG, nicotine, and flavors. This means you pay less for each bottle you make. Take a look at this table to see the difference:

You can see that DIY vape juice costs much less per ml. If you vape a lot, these savings add up fast. You might spend a little more at the start for tools and supplies, but you get more juice for your money. Many vapers feel a sense of satisfaction when they see how much they save. You also get the satisfaction of making something yourself.

Store-Bought Cost

Store-bought vape juice is easy to use, but it comes with a higher cost. You pay for the convenience, packaging, and brand. Each bottle costs more than a homemade mix. If you only vape sometimes, you might not notice the cost as much. If you vape every day, the cost can add up quickly. Some people like the satisfaction of knowing their juice is made in a clean factory. You do not have to buy tools or learn how to mix. You just pay for the juice and enjoy.

Long-Term Savings

When you look at the pros and cons, DIY vape juice stands out for cost-effectiveness. Here are some things to think about:

• DIY vape juice is much cheaper over time, especially if you vape a lot.

• You might need to spend more at first and learn how to mix, but you start saving money right away.

• Some vapers save up to 500% compared to buying store-bought juice.

• If you want to get the most satisfaction from your money, DIY is a smart choice.

• Store-bought juice gives you peace of mind and saves time, but you pay more for each bottle.

You should think about your own habits and what matters most to you. If you want to save money and enjoy mixing, DIY has clear pros and cons. If you want convenience and do not mind the higher cost, store-bought might fit you better.

Customization and Mixing Your Own E-Liquids

DIY E-Liquid Options

When you start mixing your own e-liquids, you open up a world of customisation. You get to pick every part of your vape juice. You can choose the flavors, the strength, and even the ratios of PG and VG. This means you can make your vape juice thick for big clouds or thin for a stronger throat hit. You can also adjust the nicotine level to match what you like.

You might wonder what flavors you can create. Many people enjoy mixing your own e-liquids with fun combinations. Here are some favorites:

• Dragon fruit and strawberry

• FA Forest Fruit (4%) and any strawberry (1-2%)

• TFA Sweet Raspberry (0.5-1%)

You can try these or make your own. The benefits of mixing your own e-liquids include endless choices and the chance to experiment. You can customise flavours to fit your mood or the season. If you want a cool vape in summer, you can add menthol. If you want something sweet, you can add more fruit. You control the ratios, so you always get the taste and feel you want.

Mixing your own e-liquids also lets you change the ratios of ingredients. You can use more VG for smoother clouds or more PG for a stronger hit. You can even mix different brands of flavor to find your perfect match. The benefits of mixing go beyond taste. You save money and learn new skills. Many people find successful DIY e-liquid mixing to be a fun hobby.

Store-Bought Customization Limits

Store-bought vape juice gives you less freedom to customise flavours. You pick from what is on the shelf. You cannot change the ratios or add extra flavors. If you want to try mixing your own e-liquids with store-bought juice, you might run into some problems:

• Mixing requires time and effort, especially for beginners.

• Achieving the right flavor balance often involves trial and error.

• Concentrates must be diluted before use, as they are too strong on their own.

• Improper storage can lead to degradation of flavor.

You might find that mixing your own e-liquids with store-bought juice does not always work out. The flavors can get too strong or too weak. The ratios might not match what you want. You also cannot change the nicotine level easily. If you want to try successful DIY e-liquid mixing, you get better results when you start from scratch.

ZOOY Flavor Selection

ZOOY makes it easy for you to enjoy a wide range of flavors without the hassle of mixing your own e-liquids. ZOOY stands out from other brands because it focuses on customization and variety. You can pick from many different flavors and even switch between them in one device. This makes it simple to customise flavours to your liking.

You do not need to worry about ratios or mixing steps. ZOOY gives you the benefits of mixing without the mess. You get a smooth, balanced taste every time. ZOOY’s approach to customization means you can enjoy your favorite flavors or try something new whenever you want. The brand offers a diverse selection, so you never get bored.

If you want the benefits of mixing and the ease of store-bought, ZOOY offers the best of both worlds. You get high-quality flavors, easy switching, and no need to measure or mix. This makes vaping simple and fun for everyone.

DIY Vaping Safety and Quality

Ingredient Control

When you start DIY vaping, you get to control every part of your vape juice. You decide what goes in and what stays out. This control over ingredients gives you peace of mind. You can pick the best ingredient quality for your mix. Here’s a quick look at what you can control:

1. Propylene Glycol (PG) – This is the main liquid for most vapers.

2. Vegetable Glycerin (VG) – It comes from vegetables and makes big clouds.

3. Distilled water – You use this to thin out thick VG mixes.

4. Flavoring – You choose the strength, usually 10-20% of your mix.

5. Nicotine liquid – You pick the concentration and handle it with care.

You have full control, but you need to pay attention to safety. Handling nicotine is serious. Always wear gloves and keep it away from kids and pets. If you want to invest in quality, buy your ingredients from trusted sources. This helps you avoid unwanted additives and keeps your DIY vaping experience safe.

Risks of DIY E-Liquid

Mixing your own vape juice sounds fun, but you need to know the risks. Some people use untested additives or mix different concentrates. This can lead to higher toxicant emissions. You might breathe in more reactive oxygen species and other harmful stuff. These safety risks can affect your health.

If you don’t control your ingredients, you could face serious safety risks. Mixing the wrong flavors or using too much nicotine can make your juice unsafe. Handling nicotine without care can cause skin irritation or worse. You need to watch out for spills and keep your workspace clean. Safety risks also include allergic reactions and unstable mixtures. Always double-check your measurements and keep your tools clean.

Diy vaping gives you control, but you must respect the safety risks. Take your time and learn about each ingredient. If you want to stay safe, follow good practices and never rush the process.

Store-Bought Safety Standards

Store-bought vape juice follows strict safety rules. Companies must meet laws that protect you. In the United States, every product must list its ingredients and report harmful stuff to the FDA. You see clear nicotine warnings on every package. Manufacturers register with the FDA and submit new products for approval.

In the European Union, safety rules cap nicotine at 20 mg/ml. You get bottles with childproof caps and tamper-evident seals. Labels show you what’s inside. These safety standards help you avoid safety risks and keep your vaping experience safe.

When you buy store-bought juice, you trust that experts control the ingredient quality. You don’t have to worry about handling nicotine or mixing mistakes. You get a product that meets high safety and quality standards. If you want peace of mind, store-bought options make safety simple.

Tip: Always check the label and packaging before you use any vape juice. Safety comes first, whether you mix your own or buy from the store.

ZOOY Quality Assurance

When you buy a vape, you want it to be safe. ZOOY makes sure every vape is made with care. You do not need to worry about quality. ZOOY checks each product before you get it.

ZOOY has earned important certifications. These show ZOOY follows safety and quality rules. Here are some main certifications ZOOY has:

ZOOY has more than one certificate. The company also has EU CE, US UL, FCC, and SGS certifications. These cover different safety and quality parts. ZOOY vapes meet tough standards in Europe, the US, and other places.

Note: ZOOY works hard to give you a tested, safe, and reliable vape every time.

ZOOY checks every step when making vapes. The company uses a system to watch over production. This system finds problems early. You get a vape that works well. ZOOY uses special labs to test for leaks, battery safety, and flavor. You do not need to worry about hidden dangers.

Here are ways ZOOY keeps quality high:

• Uses approved materials for every vape.

• Tests each batch before shipping.

• Trains staff to follow safety rules.

• Tracks every product with clear labels.

You can relax because ZOOY cares about your safety. ZOOY’s focus on quality means you get a smooth, tasty vape. If you have a question, ZOOY’s customer service can help. They want you to feel good about your vape.

When you pick ZOOY, you choose a brand that puts quality first. You do not have to settle for less. ZOOY’s promise of quality shows in every puff.

Convenience and Accessibility

DIY Time and Effort

Making your own vape juice at home can feel like a science project. You need to gather ingredients, measure everything, and mix it up. After you finish, you still have to wait for the juice to steep. Sometimes, this means letting it sit for days so the flavors blend well. If you want to use your juice right away, you might get a harsh taste. Here’s what the process usually looks like:

• You spend time buying ingredients and tools.

• You mix everything together, which can take about 30 minutes.

• You wait for the juice to steep, sometimes for a week or more.

If you order ingredients online, you might wait 3-6 days for delivery. Add in steeping time, and you could wait almost two weeks before you can actually vape your homemade juice. DIY gives you control, but it takes patience and effort.

Store-Bought Ease of Use

Store-bought vape juice makes life much easier. You don’t have to measure or mix anything. You just pick your favorite flavor, open the bottle, and fill your device. Many brands offer a huge variety of flavors, so you can try something new whenever you want. You also get to choose your nicotine strength, which helps you find the perfect fit for your needs. The VG/PG ratio is already set, so you know exactly what kind of vapor and throat hit you’ll get.

Here’s why store-bought vape juice is so easy:

• You get lots of flavors to try, so you never get bored.

• You can pick your nicotine level for a custom experience.

• The VG/PG blend is ready to go, giving you the vapor you like.

You don’t have to wait for steeping or delivery if you buy from a local shop. You just grab your juice and start vaping. It’s quick and simple.

ZOOY Disposable Vape Benefits

If you want the ultimate in convenience, ZOOY disposable vapes are a great choice. You don’t need to worry about mixing, refilling, or charging. Just open the package and start vaping. ZOOY vapes are designed for people who want a hassle-free experience.

Check out what makes ZOOY stand out:

You can take your ZOOY vape anywhere. It’s perfect for travel, work, or just relaxing at home. You don’t need to carry bottles or chargers. You get a smooth, flavorful vape with no extra steps. If you want vaping to be easy and fun, ZOOY disposable vapes make it possible.

Tip: If you want to save time and avoid mess, try ZOOY disposable vapes for a simple and satisfying experience.

DIY Vape Juice Pros and Cons

When you think about making your own vape juice, you probably want to know the pros and cons before you start. Let’s break down what you get and what you might face if you decide to go the DIY route.

DIY Pros

You get some big advantages when you mix your own vape juice. Here are the top three reasons experienced users love DIY:

1. Custom flavors: You can create flavors that match your taste. If you want something sweet, sour, or even a mix of both, you control the recipe. You don’t have to settle for what’s on the shelf.

2. Reduced cost benefits: Making your own juice saves money. You buy ingredients in bulk and mix them at home. Over time, you spend less than buying bottles from the store.

3. Better ratio control: You decide how much PG or VG goes into your juice. If you want bigger clouds or a stronger throat hit, you set the balance. This means you get a vaping experience that fits you perfectly.

Tip: Many vapers say the best part of DIY is the freedom to experiment. You can try new combinations and tweak your recipe until it’s just right.

Here’s a quick table to show what you gain with DIY:

DIY Cons

You also need to know the downsides. Mixing your own vape juice comes with a few challenges. Here are the most common problems people report:

• Allergic reactions can happen if you use ingredients that aren’t clearly labeled. You might get skin irritation or other issues.

• Spills can damage your furniture and leave strong odors in your room.

• Nicotine dose accuracy is tricky. If you measure wrong, you might get too much or too little nicotine.

• Contaminants can sneak in if your workspace isn’t clean. Dust or other particles can end up in your juice.

• Unstable mixtures sometimes happen when you don’t know the right ratios. Your juice might taste weird or not work as expected.

Note: If you want to avoid these problems, always use clean tools and double-check your measurements. Safety matters when you mix at home.

Here’s a table to help you see the cons at a glance:

When you look at the pros and cons, you see that DIY vape juice gives you lots of control and saves money. You also face risks if you don’t pay attention to safety and accuracy. If you love experimenting and want to save cash, DIY might be for you. If you worry about mixing mistakes or safety, you might prefer store-bought options.

Store-Bought Pros and Cons

Store-Bought Pros

You want vaping to be simple. Store-bought vape juice gives you that. You do not need to measure or mix anything. You just open the bottle or device and start vaping. This saves you time and effort. You can pick from many flavors and nicotine strengths. You know what you are getting every time. The taste stays the same from the first puff to the last.

You also get peace of mind. Companies make store-bought vape juice in clean factories. They follow safety rules and test their products. You do not have to worry about mixing mistakes or unsafe ingredients. Labels show you what is inside. You can trust the quality.

If you want even more convenience, ZOOY disposable vapes make vaping easy. You do not need to refill or recharge. You get a high puff count and many flavors in one device. ZOOY checks every product for safety and taste. You can enjoy vaping without any hassle.

Here are some reasons you might choose store-bought vape juice:

• Ready to use right away

• Wide variety of flavors and strengths

• Consistent taste and quality

• Made in safe, clean factories

• No need for special tools or mixing

• ZOOY offers high puff counts and flavor variety

Tip: If you want to try new flavors or switch things up, ZOOY’s multi-flavor devices let you do that in seconds.

Store-Bought Cons

Store-bought vape juice has some downsides you should know. Some brands use ingredients that may not be the best for your health. Certain chemicals can cause problems if you use them often. You might also pay more for the convenience and packaging.

Here is a table that shows some common disadvantages of store-bought vape juice:

You should always check the label and buy from trusted brands. ZOOY focuses on quality and safety, so you can feel good about your choice. When you look at the pros and cons, you see that store-bought vape juice is easy and reliable, but you need to pick your brand carefully.

Note: ZOOY stands out because it puts safety, flavor, and convenience first. You get a smooth vape every time.

Which Option Is Best for You?

Factors to Consider

You want to make the right choice for your vaping experience. Start by thinking about what matters most to you. Here are some important things to keep in mind:

1. Cost Savings: DIY vape juice can save you money. You buy ingredients in bulk and mix at home. This means you spend less over time.

2. Quality Control: You control what goes into your juice. You pick the ingredients and decide how strong or smooth you want your vape.

3. Customization: DIY lets you adjust nicotine levels and flavors. You can create blends that match your taste.

4. Convenience: Store-bought options are ready to use. You do not need to mix or measure anything.

5. Flavor Variety: Some brands offer many flavors. You can try new tastes without making them yourself.

6. Safety: Store-bought juices follow strict rules. You get products tested for quality and safety.

You might want to craft unique flavors or control every detail. Maybe you just want something easy and quick. Think about your budget, your time, and your taste preferences.

Tip: Write down what matters most to you. This helps you see which option fits your lifestyle.

ZOOY for Convenience Seekers

If you want vaping to be simple, ZOOY makes it easy. You do not need to mix, refill, or charge anything. ZOOY disposable vapes come ready to use. You get high puff counts and a variety of flavors in one device.

Here’s a quick look at how ZOOY helps you enjoy hassle-free vaping:

Many people want high-puff disposable vapes. ZOOY focuses on this need. You can grab a device and start vaping right away. You do not have to worry about running out quickly. You get smooth flavor and reliable performance from the first puff to the last.

• You save time.

• You avoid messy mixing.

• You enjoy a wide range of flavors.

If you value convenience and variety, ZOOY is a smart choice.

Note: ZOOY’s disposable vapes are perfect for travel, busy days, or anyone who wants vaping made simple.

DIY for Customization Lovers

Do you love experimenting with flavors? DIY vape juice gives you total control. You can create blends that you cannot find in stores. Many enthusiasts feel commercial liquids do not meet their expectations. Mixing your own lets you adjust sweetness, PG/VG ratio, and nicotine level.

• You control every ingredient.

• You save money by buying in bulk.

• You can make flavors that are unique to you.

Some vapers get frustrated when they cannot replicate their favorite store flavors. DIY lets you try until you get it right. You can tailor your juice to your device and your taste. If you want to explore new combinations and enjoy the process, DIY is the way to go.

Tip: Start with simple recipes and experiment. You might discover a new favorite blend.

Choosing between DIY and store-bought depends on what you want most. If you want convenience, ZOOY offers a great solution. If you want customization, DIY gives you endless options.

You have two main choices for vape juice. DIY gives you lots of control and saves money, but it takes time and care. Store-bought is quick and safe, with less work for you. Here’s a quick look:

Tip: Think about what matters most to you. If you want easy, tasty options, ZOOY gives you quality and flavor. Always put safety first.

FAQ

What do I need to start making my own vape juice?

You need PG, VG, nicotine (optional), flavor concentrates, bottles, and measuring tools. Always use gloves and work in a clean space. Start with small batches to practice.

Is DIY vape juice safe?

DIY vape juice can be safe if you use food-grade ingredients and measure carefully. Always keep nicotine away from kids and pets. Double-check your recipes before mixing.

How long does it take to make vape juice at home?

Mixing takes about 30 minutes. Some flavors taste better after steeping for a few days. You might need to wait up to a week for the best results.

Can I save money by making my own vape juice?

Yes! DIY vape juice usually costs much less than store-bought. You buy ingredients in bulk and mix at home. Over time, you can save a lot.

What makes ZOOY disposable vapes different?

ZOOY vapes offer high puff counts and many flavors in one device. You do not need to refill or recharge. Just open the package and start vaping.

How do I choose between DIY and store-bought vape juice?

Think about what matters most to you. If you want control and savings, try DIY. If you want convenience and safety, store-bought or ZOOY vapes work best.

Can I mix store-bought vape juices together?

You can mix them, but the flavors might not blend well. Always test with small amounts first. Some flavors can taste strange when combined.

Where can I find more information about ZOOY products?

Visit the ZOOY official website for details on all products, flavors, and features. You can also contact their customer service for help.